See also:
- [Authorization vs Access Control](Authorization%20vs%20Access%20Control.md)
- [Identity and Access Management (IAM)](Identity%20and%20Access%20Management%20(IAM).md)
- [RBAC Access levels](../Literature%20notes/RBAC%20Access%20levels.md)
- [CRUD Matrices](CRUD%20Matrices.md)


Source: [](../Attachments/Certified%20Ethical%20Hacker%20Exam%20Guide%202021.pdf)

- Mandatory Access Control (MAC):
	- Every object gets a label
		- Confidential, secret, top secret, etc
	- The administrator decides who gets access to what security level; 
	- Users cannot change these settings
	- Used on old systems (e.g. Top Secret Gov. information)

- Discretionary Access Control (DAC):
	- Used in most OS
	- Owner of the data defines access
	- Very flexible access control; Very weak security

- Role-based Access Control (RBAC):
	- Access to resources is defines by a set of rules defined by a role in your organization/job function (Manager, Director etc)
		- e.g., "Administrators can read, write, and delete all files," "Employees can only read certain files."
	- Administrators provide access based on the role of the user
		- Rights are gained implicitly instead of explicitly
	- In Windows, use Groups to provide role-based access control
		- e.g. Admin Groups --> Rights and Perms,
		- Sales Group --> Rights and Perms

Also found, with Gemini, 2 juni 2025:
- Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC):
	- e.g., "Only users from the 'Finance' department located in 'Head Office' can access this financial report."
- Relationship-Based Access Control (ReBAC)
	- e.g., "Friends can view my photos."


## Mandatory vs. Discretionary access control
Source: Wikipedia, dec. 2024

In mandatory access control (MAC), the security policy is centrally controlled by a policy administrator and is guaranteed (in principle) to be enforced for all users. Users cannot override the policy and, for example, grant access to files that would otherwise be restricted. 

By contrast, discretionary access control (DAC) allows users the ability to make policy decisions or assign security attributes. The controls are discretionary in the sense that a subject with a certain access permission is capable of passing that permission (perhaps indirectly) on to any other subject (unless restrained by mandatory access control).

Systems can implement both MAC and DAC simultaneously, where DAC refers to one category of access controls that subjects can transfer among each other, and MAC refers to a second category of access controls that imposes constraints upon the first.

Occasionally, a system as a whole is said to have "discretionary" or "purely discretionary" access control when that system lacks mandatory access control.

## Different access control models 

Access control models govern how users are granted access to resources in a system. This document compares **RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)**, **ABAC (Attribute-Based Access Control)**, **NGAC (Next-Generation Access Control)**, and **PBAC (Policy-Based Access Control)**, outlining their differences, advantages, and disadvantages.

### RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)

- **Definition**: Access is granted based on roles assigned to users. A role represents a set of permissions, and users inherit permissions from their assigned roles. RBAC is policy-neutral in the sense that it can be used to implement MAC or DAC.
- **Key Components**: Users, roles, and permissions.

**Pros:**
- Simple and intuitive to implement for organizations with clear hierarchical structures.
- Reduces administrative overhead when managing permissions.
- Well-suited for stable environments with predictable access needs.

**Cons:**
- Lacks flexibility; difficult to handle exceptions or dynamic contexts (e.g., time-based restrictions).
- Role explosion: Managing a large number of roles becomes cumbersome as the system scales.
- Not context-aware.

### ABAC (Attribute-Based Access Control)

- **Definition**: Access is granted based on attributes of users, resources, actions, and the environment. Attributes can include user roles, resource sensitivity, location, time, and more.
- **Key Components**: Policies, attributes, and conditions.

**Pros:**
- Highly flexible and fine-grained access control.
- Supports dynamic, context-aware decisions (e.g., granting access only during work hours or from specific locations).
- Eliminates role explosion.

**Cons:
- Complex to implement and manage due to the need for a robust attribute infrastructure.
- Policy authoring can be error-prone and challenging for administrators.
- Requires real-time evaluation, which may impact performance.

### NGAC (Next-Generation Access Control)

- **Definition**: A standards-based approach that integrates various access control concepts, combining RBAC, ABAC, and policy-based models. It uses a graph-based structure to represent relationships between users, attributes, and policies.
- **Key Components**: Graphs (users, attributes, and policies) and decision engines.

**Pros:**
- Flexible and adaptable to different access control needs.
- Unified framework for managing diverse access control models.
- Highly efficient for environments requiring a mix of models.

 **Cons:
- Complexity in setup and management.
- Limited adoption and tooling support compared to RBAC or ABAC.
  
### PBAC (Policy-Based Access Control)

- **Definition**: Access is managed through explicitly defined policies that dictate who can access what under which conditions. Often overlaps with ABAC.
- **Key Components**: Policies, rules, and conditions.

**Pros:**
- Fine-grained control with a focus on clear, centralized policy definition.
- Scalable for distributed systems or multi-tenant architectures.
- Strongly aligned with regulatory compliance requirements.

 **Cons:
- Similar to ABAC, policy complexity can grow quickly.
- Administrators require expertise to define and maintain accurate policies.
- Performance overhead due to policy evaluation.

## Summary Comparison

| Feature / Model            | RBAC                      | ABAC            | NGAC        | PBAC           |
| -------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------- | ----------- | -------------- |
| **Flexibility**            | Low                       | High            | High        |  High          |
| **Complexity**             | Low                       | High            | Moderate    |  Moderate      |
| **Context-Awareness**      | No                        | Yes             | Yes         |  Yes           |
| **Scalability**            | Limited (role explosion)  | High            | High        |  High          |
| **Ease of Implementation** | Easy                      | Difficult       | Moderate    |  Moderate      |
| **Adoption**               | Widespread                | Increasing      | Emerging    |  Increasing    |

## Choosing the Right Model

- Use **RBAC** for environments with stable, well-defined roles and minimal need for contextual decisions.
- Use **ABAC** or **PBAC** for systems requiring dynamic, context-aware, and fine-grained access control.
- Consider **NGAC** if a unified, standards-based approach is necessary and you need to integrate multiple models.

The decision depends on your organization's complexity, security needs, and resource availability.